Edible and poisonous mushrooms list. What poisonous mushrooms are hiding in Russian forests

Mushrooms, in addition to nutrients, can also contain toxins. If their concentration is high, then such a product becomes dangerous to human health or even human life. Deadly poisonous mushrooms of Russia can be found in any region. Therefore, fans of quiet hunting need to remember the distinguishing features and favorite places of growth of such specimens.

Varieties of mushrooms

All mushrooms can be divided into four large groups:

Edible. They can be eaten fearlessly. They do not contain any toxic substances. Non-toxic mushrooms can be dangerous only for those who suffer from allergies..
Inedible. They do not contain toxic substances, but it is impossible to eat them, as they have an unpleasant taste or smell.
Conditionally edible. Raw, they are dangerous to humans. Their use can lead to serious poisoning. If they are subjected to proper processing, including heat, they can be eaten.
Poisonous. These are mushrooms with a high content of toxic substances. Even after processing, they do not lose their toxic properties.. Moreover, for severe poisoning sometimes it’s enough to eat a small piece of such a product.

The greatest danger to humans is precisely poisonous specimens. Features of the most dangerous of them must be well studied.

High Phallotoxin and Amatoxin Mushrooms

The most poisonous mushrooms in Russia contain precisely phallotoxin or amatoxin. The danger of these substances is that the symptoms appear after the poison has exerted its effect. A few hours later, severe diarrhea, convulsions, irresistible thirst. Three days later, the person becomes noticeably easier. But after another day, the liver refuses and the person dies. Phallotoxins and amatoxins are found in the following mushrooms:

Pale toadstool is the most poisonous mushroom in the world. Inexperienced mushroom pickers can confuse them with russula or rows. Pale grebe hides in coniferous forests, birch forests and oak forests. In diameter, the hat does not exceed 10 cm. In a young specimen, it has a bell-shaped shape. With age it becomes flat. Coloring can vary from white to yellowish-olive. Frequent records are white. The maximum leg length is 12 cm. It is hollow inside. It may be white or have a slight yellowish tint. A high concentration of toxins is found in all parts of the fungus, including mycelium and spores. This is the most dangerous mushroom on earth, so information about it should be known to all mushroom pickers, without exception.
Amanita muscaria. This bright attractive mushroom is difficult to confuse with others. It is distinguished by a convex hat, painted in bright red color with white or yellow flakes. In young specimens, such flakes may be absent. The plates are white. The length of the legs can reach 20 cm. It is also painted white, has a yellowish ring. Amanita loves conifers, mixed and deciduous forests. He feels most comfortable in a birch forest.
Galerina bordered. She is often confused with summer mushrooms. The diameter of the cap does not exceed 5 cm. Its shape is initially bell-shaped, and as it grows, it turns into a flat one. Painted in brown-yellow. After rain, the color may change. The leg is thin, not more than 0.5 cm in diameter. Length up to 5 cm. Has a yellowish ring coated with powdery coating. Most often, the gallery can be found on decaying coniferous wood.

Proper recognition of edible and poisonous mushrooms can save lives. Even a small piece of this product can be fatal..

If you doubt that the mushroom you found in the forest is edible, do not pick it. Better to go home with an empty basket than to risk your life.

Muscarin Mushrooms

Muscarine belongs to the group of neurotoxins. First of all, it affects the human nervous system. All poisonous mushrooms containing this substance can lead to hallucinations. The death of the result of the use of large quantities of this product and untimely assistance. The first signs of poisoning appear half an hour after ingestion. First, the complexion changes, salivation increases, shortness of breath appears, the victim falls into a febrile state, and the heartbeat becomes more frequent.

Poisonous forest mushrooms containing muscarine:

Amanita panther. Prefers coniferous and deciduous forests. His hat can reach 10 cm in diameter. It is painted in red-yellow or brown. Small white flakes are scattered all over the surface. The white leg underneath has a thickening. In its upper part there is a wide ring. It has white thin plates.
The fiber is sharp. A small mushroom whose hat diameter does not exceed 4 cm. Young specimens have a bell-shaped hat shape. As it develops, it becomes flat-convex with a small tubercle in the center. In old fibros, the hat is cracked. The pulp in the air oxidizes and changes color. The length of the legs does not exceed 4 cm. It has a cylindrical shape, slightly thickens at the bottom. On its upper part you can notice a light powdery coating. Fibers can be found in coniferous forests and near swamps. In the shape of a hat, these mushrooms are similar to honey mushrooms, which is dangerous for inexperienced mushroom pickers.
The talker is whitish. The edges of the caps are slightly wavy and slightly bent below. Its diameter does not exceed 6 cm. It is painted in white or light gray. Powdery coating is noticeable on the surface of the hat, which is easy to remove. In wet weather, the fungus becomes mucous. The leg in diameter does not exceed 0.5 cm in diameter. Its length is not more than 4 cm. There are small walnut-colored spots on the surface of the leg. These poisonous mushrooms grow on the edges of forests, clearings and small clearings. Sometimes they can be seen even in a city park.
Earthen fiber. The small hat has a conical shape. As the fungus develops, it straightens out. In the center you can see a small tubercle. The color of the hat can be different: white, cream, purple or light pink. Small cracks are visible at the edges. The pulp has an unpleasant odor. The leg is thin, no more than 6 cm long. It can be straight or slightly curved.

The toxic poison contained in such mushrooms can cause irreparable harm to your health. Therefore, before you go to the forest, carefully study the features of poisonous specimens.

If the first symptoms of mushroom poisoning are detected, call an ambulance immediately. Self-medication in this case can cost you your life.

Mushrooms containing intestinal toxins

Poisonous mushrooms include those that contain intestinal toxins. The use of such a product leads to serious gastric and intestinal disorders. The first symptoms appear after a couple of hours. A person is tormented by bouts of nausea, severe headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea. Such poisoning rarely leads to death, but adversely affect human health. These mushrooms include:

Entoloma is poisonous. Most often found on the edges or near shrubs in the young part of the forest. The entoloma hat is large enough, its diameter can reach 17 cm. It has a white or flesh color. The length of the legs is up to 10 cm. It has the correct cylindrical shape and a velvety surface that is pleasant to the touch. Having broken the entoloma, you will feel a light aroma of fresh flour.
Yellow-skinned champignon. It can be identified by a large hat, covered with yellowish skin. In the center you can see a small spot of brown color. If you press the hat, its color changes a little and becomes more yellow. The hat of young specimens has a rounded shape. As it grows older, it becomes bell-shaped. The height can reach 15 cm. In this case, the leg is quite thin, not more than 2 cm. Inside, it is hollow. If the yellow-skinned champignon is boiled, a sharp phenolic smell will be felt. Such a mushroom actively starts growing after summer and autumn rains. You can find it in mixed forests.
False honey agaric sulfur yellow. It is widespread in various types of forests.. It can be seen on stumps or at the bottom of tree trunks. The hat has a bell-shaped shape and does not exceed 5 cm in diameter. As the honey agaric develops, it becomes flat. In the middle is a small tubercle. The hollow leg can be either flat or with a slight bend. Its length does not exceed 10 cm and a diameter of 6 cm. The pulp has a bitter taste and a specific aroma.

Which poisonous mushrooms are best studied before going to the forest. So you protect yourself and your loved ones from poisoning and, as a result, serious health problems.

Mushrooms, which include hemolytic poisons

Exposure to hemolytic poisons leads to hemolysis. This is a process of damage to red blood cells, after which the blood becomes homogeneous and coughed into a bright red color. Against the background of this problem, anemia, leukemia and other blood diseases can develop. Signs of poisoning by fungi containing hemolytic poisons appear after 12 hours. With severe intoxication, this time can be reduced to two hours. The first symptoms are severe fatigue, dizziness, headache, colic in the stomach, and vomiting.

Such mushrooms include an ordinary line. It can be found on sandy soil. He likes to settle on the fringes, roadsides, clearings. Is different unusual hat. It looks like a human brain. It has folds and grooves. It is painted in gray, reddish or brown.

Recent studies of scientists have proved that in the line, in addition to hemolytic poisons, contains gyromitrin. This is a deadly substance for humans, which does not break down even with prolonged boiling. In Russian mushrooms, the concentration of gyromitrin is not high, so the lines can be eaten if properly processed. But for the safety of yourself and your loved ones, it is better to refuse to use such a product.

Mushrooms containing orellanin

Orellanin has a destructive effect on the kidneys, respiratory system and musculoskeletal system. Poisoning can manifest itself only two weeks after intoxication. There is a significant increase in the volume of urine released, pain in the stomach, attacks of vomiting, a feeling of dry mouth. Untimely provision of medical care leads to kidney failure and, as a result, death. This substance is part of the following mushrooms:

The cobweb is plush. The hat does not exceed 8.5 cm in diameter. She looks dull, covered with small scales. In young specimens, it has a spherical shape. As it grows older, it becomes flat. It has a brown-red or orange color. Plush cobwebs can be found infrequently. It is preferred neighborhood with oaks or birches, occasionally coniferous trees.
The cobweb is beautiful. The diameter of his hat can vary from 3 to 8 cm. As it grows, it changes shape from bell-shaped to flat-convex. In its center is a small tubercle. The hat has an attractive velvety surface, sometimes there are scales on it. It is painted in brown-red or brown-red color. The plates grow to the leg. The cylindrical leg has a length of not more than 12 cm. Most often, the most beautiful cobweb is found in central Russia and Siberia. He prefers coniferous and mixed forests.

Charming mushroom aroma annually attracts a large number of fans of quiet hunting. But before heading into the forest, carefully study dangerous mushrooms and learn to distinguish them from edible.

Causes of mushroom poisoning

Toxicity of the fungi themselves due to the presence of toxins (or mycotoxins)
Long-term storage of harvested mushrooms without cooking, or long-term storage of mushrooms already cooked
The defeat of fungi by pests, in particular, mushroom flies
Co-consumption of certain types of mushrooms (e.g. dung beetles - Coprinus) with alcohol
Accumulation during the growth of the fungus in the fruit bodies of substances harmful to the body (heavy metals, etc.)
Frequent consumption of morel mushrooms ( Morchellaceae)

The abuse of mushrooms, even the first category, is harmful to the body, since mushrooms are indigestible food and, with a large amount of semi-digested mass, intoxication of the body may develop.

Precautions for the collection and use of mushrooms

Most often, poisoning occurs with fungi, which have an external resemblance to edible and accidentally gather with them. To avoid such a mistake that can become fatal, it is necessary to study the common signs of fungi well and to know the characteristic differences of poisonous species.

Only mushroom species known to you should be collected. Unknown or doubtful fruiting bodies should not be eaten. It should be remembered that the characteristic features may not be present in some specimens, for example, white flakes on a fly agaric hat can be washed off by heavy rain, a pale toad cap, cut off at the very top, does not allow to notice the ring.

For children, many mushrooms are much more dangerous than for adults, so the use of even “good” mushrooms by children should be limited.

Fungi can be dangerous, as accumulators of toxic substances (heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides).

First aid measures

In severe poisoning with mushrooms, you must call a doctor.

Before the doctor arrives, the patient is put to bed, gastric lavage is carried out: give a plentiful drink (4-5 glasses of boiled water at room temperature, drink in small sips) or a light pink solution of potassium permanganate and cause vomiting, pressing a finger or a smooth object on the root of the tongue. To remove the poison from the intestine, immediately after washing the stomach, a laxative is given and an enema is given.

To clarify the diagnosis, all uneaten mushrooms are preserved.

Treatment for mushroom poisoning depends on their type. Pale grebe poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and dehydration, after gastric lavage exchange blood transfusion, hemodialysis, intravenous glucose with insulin are carried out, and atropine subcutaneously in case of respiratory failure.

Deadly Poisonous Mushrooms

Among mushrooms, deadly poisonous species are found, that is, they can cause poisoning with a fatal outcome, even with a small amount of mushrooms eaten. Deadly poisonous species are:

Amanita panther ( Amanita pantherina)
Death cap ( Amanita phalloides)
Spring Grebe ( Amanita verna)
Amanita smelly ( Amanita virosa)
Amanita ocreata
Galerina edged ( Galerina marginata)
Whitish talker ( Clitocybe dealbata) (Сlitocybe candicans)
Spider Web Mountain ( Cortinarius orellanus)
Beautiful cobweb ( Cortinarius speciosissimus) (Cortinarius rubellus)
Rod Blade, or Helwell ( Helvella St. Am.) (* which blade, among the blades are many edible species?)
Entoloma poisonous ( Entoloma lividum)
Entoloma pressed through ( Entholoma rhodopolium)
Patuillard Fiber ( Inocybe patouillardii)
Grungy Umbrella ( Lepiota aspera)
Umbrella brown red ( Lepiota brunnroincarnata)
Chestnut Umbrella ( Lepiota castanea)
Thyroid Umbrella ( Lepiota clypeolaria)
Umbrella comb ( Lepiota cristata)
A fleshy reddish umbrella ( Lepiota helveola)
Swollen silverfish ( Lepiota ventriosospora)

The toxicity of certain species of fungi is not well understood at present, and source data are often contradictory. This primarily relates to lines and false honey mushrooms, the toxicity of which depends on the area of \u200b\u200bgrowth. However, the toxins they contain: in the lines - gyromitrin, and in false honeycombs - phallus and amatoxins (pale toadstool toxins) - are deadly. Therefore, you should avoid eating them, even if, in separate sources, these mushrooms (stitch and mushrooms brick red false) are edible or conditionally edible.

Erroneous "signs" of poisonous mushrooms

National signs, "allowing to identify poisonous mushrooms", are based on a variety of misconceptions and do not allow to judge the dangers of mushrooms:

Poisonous mushrooms have an unpleasant odor, and edible ones have a pleasant odor (the smell of pale toadstool is almost identical to that of champignons, although according to some, pale toadstool does not smell at all)
Worms (insect larvae) are not found in poisonous mushrooms (delusion)
All mushrooms at a young age are edible (pale grebe is deadly poisonous at any age)
Silver objects in the broth of a poisonous mushroom blacken (misconception)
The onion or garlic head turns brown when cooking with poisonous mushrooms (confusing)
Poisonous mushrooms cause souring of milk (confusing)

Poisoning by some mushrooms

Phalloidin poisoning

It occurs when some amanitic mushrooms are consumed, such as pale grebe, smelly fly agaric, or spring grebe. The following highly toxic substances were found in the pulp of these mushrooms:

fallin
several forms of amanitine

Fallin is neutralized by boiling, while the rest of the poisons are resistant to heat treatment and are not removed.

Phalloidin begins to cause profound changes in the liver cells shortly after ingestion, however, the first symptoms occur within 6 to 24 hours, sometimes after two days. Poisoning begins with severe abdominal pain, indomitable vomiting, severe sweating and diarrhea, and body temperature decreases. In severe cases (and almost all such poisonings are severe!), Kidney and heart failure begins, coma and death ensue. Poisoning can last up to twenty days.

Reliable treatment methods do not exist, even with timely medical care, up to 70% of such poisonings are fatal. Successful treatment can only be achieved if the diagnosis is quickly established (before the onset of symptoms), anti-phalloid serum and thioctic acid are used for treatment.

Aurellin poisoning or paraphalloid syndrome

Very severe poisoning, often fatal. Symptoms of it are similar to the symptoms of phalloidin poisoning. It is caused by the heat-resistant toxin orellanine, which is found in mushrooms such as the mountain cobweb and some small lepiotas, for example, in a fleshy-reddish umbrella.

Orellanin is especially insidious in that it has an unusually large latent period of action - the first signs of poisoning appear after a few days or even weeks. This makes it very difficult both diagnosis and timely treatment.

The first manifestation is the appearance of insatiable thirst, then headaches, pains in the abdomen and kidneys, a feeling of coldness in the limbs. Death can occur as a result of irreversible kidney damage.

The mushrooms that cause this poisoning usually do not attract the attention of mushroom pickers, so cases of poisoning are rare.

Red and panther fly agaric poisoning

It may be accompanied by various types of symptoms, since these fungi vary greatly in the content of several poisons. Most often, poisoning is caused by muscarine, muscaridine (mycoatropine) and bufotenin. In the case of the predominance of muscaridine and bufotenin, the main symptoms of poisoning are disorders of the nervous system, accompanied by delirium, hallucinations, hysteria and severe drowsiness. Muscarine causes gastrointestinal upsets with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, anuria, and a slowing of the heartbeat. Symptoms usually appear after 1 to 2 hours, so timely medical assistance in the form of gastric lavage and symptomatic support of the nervous system and heart is possible.

Muscarine poisoning

There are mushrooms that contain only muscarin and do not contain other poisons. These include some types of fibrils and talkers (Clitocybe). Poisoning with these fungi manifests itself after 1 - 2 hours, muscarinic syndrome is characterized by increased salivation, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, and a slight narrowing of the pupils. In severe cases, collapse occurs, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema.

First aid consists in removing the poison from the gastrointestinal tract (gastric lavage, intake of adsorbents). Atropine and other M-anticholinergics are used as an antidote. There may also be indications for the use of adrenergic agonists or glucocorticoids.

Morel mushroom poisoning

May be caused different species lines, the use of improperly prepared dishes from morel mushrooms or their excessive consumption. The active principle is a number of substances called gyromitrins. These poisons can be partially (in morels) or completely (in individual copies of the stitches) heat-resistant, so the stitches can not be eaten at all, and morels must first be boiled by draining the water. Gyromitrins have a hemolytic effect, the symptoms of poisoning are an increase in hemoglobin in the blood, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea and severe drowsiness. In severe cases, convulsions occur, coma and death occur.

Hallucinogen poisoning

Most studied as hallucinogenic - fungi of the genus Psilocybe, as an active principle, they contain psilocin and psilocybin. There is also information about the hallucinogenic properties of some fungi from the genera Panaeolus) and Conocybe. The poisons of these mushrooms are classified as psychotomimetics or psychodysleptics - substances that cause mental disorders. Poisoning is accompanied by a rapid decrease in blood pressure, severe sweating, dilated pupils, there is a feeling of intoxication and a breakdown. Soon signs of severe psychosis with hallucinations appear, ideas about space and time are distorted, there may be depressive states, sometimes leading to suicide.

Dung poisoning

These mushrooms are eaten as conditionally edible, however, if you drink alcohol with them, dangerous poisoning can occur. You can also get poisoned if you take alcohol within 1 - 2 days after drinking this fungus.
Signs of poisoning: anxiety, redness of the face, slowing of the pulse and pain in the intestines. Usually the syndrome lasts 2 to 3 days.

This effect is sometimes explained by the fact that dung beetles contain a poisonous substance, insoluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol. According to other, more plausible data, the active principle ( cooprin ) inhibits the aldehyde oxidase enzyme, thereby delaying the metabolism of alcohol at the stage of formation of acetic aldehyde, which has a toxic effect.

Gastrointestinal poisoning

Typical gastrointestinal symptoms can be caused by many fungi, which are generally considered to be weakly poisonous, as well as conditionally edible when improperly cooked. Such poisoning can also occur with the use of old, overripe mushrooms, or stored for a long time in inappropriate conditions.

Symptoms appear after a few hours in the form of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and fever, in severe cases accompanied by convulsions and loss of consciousness. Usually, poisoning disappears after a few days, but can cause serious complications, especially in children and the elderly.

The most famous poisonous intestinal fungi:

Giant rose-colored plate, or tin entoloma and other types of rose-colored plates

Edible mushrooms:

Many species of the genus lactarius
Some russula

The danger of fungi that have accumulated toxicants from the environment

The accumulation of heavy metals

Accumulation of radionuclides

Fungi infected with cesium-137 and other radionuclides are also a danger, primarily as a result of Chernobyl fallout, emissions and explosions at the Mayak nuclear plant, emissions from nuclear power plants. In 2009, Rospotrebnadzor published data on fungi in Leningrad region, the cesium-137 content of which significantly exceeds the norm: up to 1390 Bq / kg (in the Kingisepp district) with the maximum permissible level of cesium-137 in fresh mushrooms 500 Bq / kg (according to Russian and Ukrainian legislation) and 370 Bq / kg (according to Belarusian legislation: Published studies show that near the Leningrad NPP, the level of mushroom pollution is much higher.

According to the degree of accumulation of cesium-137 (cesium), edible mushrooms are divided into four groups:

weakly accumulating (safer): oyster mushroom, champignon, pearl raincoat, variegated mushroom, mushrooms;
medium-accumulating: boletus, boletus, gray rowing, ordinary chanterelle, porcini mushroom;
highly accumulating: russula, milkwort, greenfinch;
radiocaesium accumulators (the most dangerous): oily fish, mushrooms, pig, bitter, Polish mushroom.

Radiation is more active in mushrooms with developed mycelium. In mushroom caps, the concentration of radionuclides is 1.5-2 times higher than in the legs, in particular this is typical for mushrooms with a well-developed stem ( porcini, boletus, boletus, polish mushroom) Reducing the content of cesium-137 in mushrooms can be achieved by boiling them for 30-60 minutes in salt water with the addition of vinegar or citric acid with a 2-3-fold change of broth. Before cooking, it is necessary to clean the collected mushrooms from moss, litter, soil, and in some mushrooms, remove the skin from the hat. Also, to reduce the radionuclide content, the mushrooms are soaked during the day, several times boiled by draining the water, washing the mushrooms.

Autumn came, and the mushroom picking season began. Any mushroom picker should be well versed in their species, be able to recognize poisonous varieties and quickly provide first aid in case of poisoning. Let's figure out together what the most poisonous mushrooms in Russia look like and how they are dangerous to humans.

List of life-threatening mushrooms

More than three dozen fungi with high toxicity grow in our forests, often disguising themselves as their edible counterparts. The risk of poisoning by them is extremely high, and novice mushroom pickers need to take this into account. Next in order are the deadly poisonous mushrooms of Russia:

Toadstool pale. This mushroom is considered the most poisonous among all the gifts of the forest and is dangerous because it looks very similar to edible species. Often it can be confused with Russula ordinary or forest champignon. It grows from August to September mainly in deciduous and mixed forests. Pale grebe can be recognized by a smooth hat of gray, white or beige color and a narrow leg thickened near the base. Even a small dose of toadstool is very toxic, and about 100 g of mushroom is enough for intoxication. It’s impossible to remove the poison of the grebe. heat treatmentnor drying. Signs of poisoning appear within two days from the moment of eating. It provokes severe vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea and headache, a sharp decrease in pressure, often the body of the victim can not cope with the action of toxins. Subsequent therapy does not give the desired effect, which often leads to death.

Amanita is smelly. The poisonous representative of the mushroom kingdom belongs to the fly agaric family, and they called it that because of the disgusting smell of rot. It is found in mixed and coniferous forests from the beginning of July to the end of November; it grows preferably in moist soil. Its conical shape has a snow-white color, is plentifully covered with mucus and glistens, the leg is long but thin, with a growth in the middle. The minimum amount of fungus is enough to severely poison. After ingestion, it causes cramps, pain in the intestines and increased salivation. Symptoms of intoxication, as in the case of pale toadstool, appear only after a few hours, and by the time the therapy begins, its poison already has time to hit internal organs. Due to the fetid odor, mushroom pickers often bypass it, therefore, according to statistics, mortality from it is low, but still this variety of fly agaric belongs to extremely poisonous mushrooms.

Amanita panther. This is another representative of the fly agaric family, which is extremely dangerous for humans. Panther fly agaric is difficult to determine correctly; the fungus is often mistaken for varieties suitable for eating. It differs from its fellow red fly agaric, known for its bright color. It grows from late July to October in broad-leaved and coniferous forests. Usually lives in the vicinity of edible species. You can distinguish it by a dense hat, most often it is brown in color, but occasionally it is brown or gray. Its surface is dotted with many flakes of whitish color, which are easily separated from the skin. The leg is thin, thickened at the base. It is highly toxic; after using it as a food, the chances of survival of the victim are not very high. The first symptoms of poisoning appear after two hours. A strong attack of suffocation occurs due to spasms in the bronchi and lungs, the patient begins severe cramps, and he loses consciousness.

Whitish talker. Another species of poisonous species of mushrooms, which is certainly worth mentioning, if we talk about the most poisonous mushrooms in Russia, is a whitish talker. It grows in meadows and fields, can be found near forest edges and pastures, sometimes in squares and parks. It grows in colonies, forming a kind of ring or “witch circles” from late July to late October. Its white hat is convex in shape, a gray coating is clearly visible on it, the edges are tucked inward, at the last stage of development they acquire the outlines of a funnel. The leg is short, soft, cylindrical, all stained, darkens when pressed. in its tissues, muscarine toxin causes severe intoxication. Symptoms are manifested quickly, after 20 minutes the patient’s blood pressure drops, his pulse drops, his eyes are very watery, and he sweats a lot. If you do not do gastric lavage on time and give an antidote, the patient may die.

Before recovering from collecting forest gifts, you should once again remind yourself how to distinguish between poisonous species of mushrooms and those that are suitable for food and do not forget the most important rule: if you have doubts about whether the found mushroom is found, it is better not to risk it and leave it continue to grow in the forest.

Before you put a mushroom in your mouth, you must be sure to eat edible, because in the world there are a small number of species that are poisonous. Most of them will only cause indigestion, but there are also those that, when ingested, will cause him no small harm and can even cause death. Below is a list with photos of the ten most poisonous and deadly species of mushrooms for humans.

Poisonous mushrooms most often selectively act on one or another organ. So, there are mushrooms, the poisons of which affect mainly the central nervous system, the heart, liver, stomach and intestines, and so on. But some fungi do not have a toxic effect, but on many organs and systems of the body. And yet, even in this case, the selective effect on a particular organ always manifests itself earlier and with a lower dose of poison.

Usually, the fungal poison is absorbed into the blood in the lower intestines, while some of them irritate the mucous membrane, thereby enhancing the absorption of the poison. In acute mushroom poisoning, toxic damage to the gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis) most often develops. Mushroom venom has an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea occur. Moreover, under the influence of mushroom venom hemorrhages occur in the wall of the stomach and intestines (hemorrhagic gastritis and enteritis).

The active principle of poisonous plants, including fungi, are various chemical compounds that relate mainly to alkaloids, glycosides, plant soaps (saponins), acids (hydrocyanic, oxalic) and others.

Alkaloids are complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Their salts are highly soluble in water and are rapidly absorbed in the stomach and intestines. Glycosides easily break down into the carbohydrate (sugar) part and several other toxic substances.

10. Omphalot olive

Olive omphaloth - a poisonous mushroom that grows in a wooded area on rotten stumps, rotten trunks of deciduous trees in Europe, mainly in Crimea. Remarkable for its bioluminescence properties. In appearance it resembles a fox, however, unlike it, the olive omphaloth has an unpleasant odor and contains the illudin S toxin, which, when it enters the human body, leads to very severe pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.

9. Russula is pungent

Pyrex Russula is widespread in the northern hemisphere in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. With proper processing, this mushroom is conditionally suitable for food, but it tastes bitter, with a pronounced sharpness. In its raw form it is poisonous, it contains muscarin poison. The use of even a small amount of raw mushroom leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.

8. Amanita panther

Amanita panther grows in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests in the temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere. The fungus is highly toxic and contains poisons such as muscarine and mycoatropin acting on the central nervous system, as well as a number of toxic alkaloids that cause gastrointestinal upset, hallucinations and can lead to death.

7. Foliotina wrinkled

On the seventh line in the list of the most dangerous and poisonous mushrooms in the world is Foliotina wrinkled - a poisonous mushroom that grows in Europe, Asia and North America. Contains strong amatoxins poison, which is very toxic to the liver and causes many deaths. Sometimes these mushrooms are confused with Psilocyba blue.

6. Greenfinch

Greenfinch grows in small groups in dry coniferous forests on sandy soils in North America and Europe. Until recently, it was considered good. edible mushroom, but after the publication in 2001 of a poisoning report when consuming a large number of greenfinchs (12 cases, 3 of them fatal), it is suspected of poisonousness. Symptoms of poisoning are manifested in muscle weakness, pain, cramps, nausea and sweating.

5. False foam sulfur yellow

Sulfur-yellow false foil is a very poisonous mushroom found on all continents except Africa and Antarctica. Grow on old stumps of deciduous and coniferous trees in August-November. When eaten, the fungus causes severe, sometimes fatal poisoning. Symptoms appear within a few hours and are accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea and bloating, sometimes visual impairment and even paralysis.

4. Thin pig

Thin Pig - a poisonous mushroom distributed in moist deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, gardens, and forest strips of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate regions. The mushroom has long been considered conditionally edible, but now its toxicity has been proven. Long-term use of thin pigs for food leads to severe poisoning, especially in people with diseased kidneys. Potentially fatal complications include acute renal failure, shock, respiratory failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

3. Ergot magenta

Amanita ocreata, also known as the "angel of death" is a deadly poisonous mushroom from the Amanita family. Distributed in mixed forests mainly in northeastern North America from Washington to Baja California. It contains alpha-amanitine and other amatoxins that cause the death of liver cells and other organs, as well as impaired protein synthesis. Complications of poisoning include increased intracranial pressure, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, pancreatitis, acute renal failure, and cardiac arrest. Death usually occurs between 6-16 days after poisoning.

1. Pale toadstool

Pale toadstool is the most poisonous mushroom in the world. It is the cause of most fatal poisoning that occurs after eating mushrooms. It grows in almost all types of forests in Europe, Asia, North America and North Africa. He loves dark, moist places. It contains two types of toxins, amanitin and phalloidin, which cause liver and kidney failure, and often the only way to avoid death is through transplantation. It is estimated that even half of the pale toadstool contains enough toxin to kill an adult. In addition, the toxicity of the fungus does not decrease after its preparation, freezing or drying. Sometimes they are mistakenly collected instead of champignons and green russula.

Going on a “mushroom hunt”, many people think about the danger of poisonous mushrooms. And no wonder, because the same kind of forest gifts can be a deadly mushroom, and at the same time contain useful substances used in pharmacology.

This article provides a description of poisonous mushrooms, recommendations for first aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, as well as others. useful tips concerning such tasty, but sometimes extremely dangerous gifts of the forest.

Residents of different countries or even regions of the same state can relate to species of mushrooms in completely different ways. For example, some mushroom pickers consider champignons toadstools and even mark the territories of their growth with the signs “Caution! Poisonous mushrooms. " Although everyone knows that this is a great edible delicacy, used in many world cuisines. Apparently, the reason is that the most poisonous mushroom is pale toadstool - It is very easy to confuse with edible champignon, and this is fraught with severe poisoning.

Most Poisonous Mushroom: Pale Toadstool

The leader among poisonous and even deadly mushrooms. In this case, poisoning makes itself felt only 8-12 hours after the poison enters the body.

If a person has eaten a poisonous mushroom, a series of seizures sets in, accompanied by severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and cold sweat. The limbs begin to cool, the pulse slows down, but the victim is still conscious. Without emergency medical care, death occurs after approximately two weeks.

Amanita mushroom poison

Amanita poisoning is not so strong and manifests itself after a couple of hours. This is due to the fact that the poison content in these mushrooms is not as high as in pale toadstools.

The victim begins hallucinations, vomiting, convulsions, and diarrhea appear. Fatal such poisoning rarely ends, although it is in the fly agarics that there is galvelloic acid - one of the most dangerous. It is good that this poisonous species of mushrooms is easy to determine: rings on the fly agaric leg are clearly visible, and it is bright in color and has club-shaped thickenings with a cover.

Deadly Mushrooms: Poisons and Toxins in Mushrooms

Deadly mushrooms contain toxic substances, but despite this, they are called. For example, the gyrotomine toxin from the line of ordinary is completely removed with careful heat treatment. If the mushrooms are not boiled in boiling water with several replacements of water, then this toxin will disrupt the natural metabolism of amino acids and block the action of vitamin B6, which is vital for humans.

Neurotoxins are a class of mushroom poisons that, as a rule, do not kill, but do a lot of harm. When ingested, they disrupt the transmission of any nerve impulses. Poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, nausea, fever, excessive salivation, headache and weakness. In some cases, visual hallucinations and unpleasant tinnitus may appear. Often, even after the end of treatment, there may be consequences of poisoning, which are difficult to handle.

Amanita and Patuillard contain such a dangerous toxin as muscarine, which causes the development of mycoatropin syndrome. But if everyone knows the fly agaric, Patuyar’s fiberglass is easily confused with russula. Its main difference is the protruding hump in the center of the cap. Fiber optic poisoning begins with minor visual impairment and increased salivation, then diarrhea and vomiting are added, and pressure increases. Many mushrooms contain enzymes that are digested by a healthy body. However, if a person has any problems with the intestines or pancreas, then it is not worth risking and trying these types of mushrooms (for example, pigs).

Help with poisoning: what to do if you eat a poisonous mushroom

Knowing what to do if you ate a poisonous mushroom, you can save your life and the life of a poisoned one. It is extremely important to know what to do when poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, especially when the first symptoms appear.

The danger lies in the fact that in most cases the symptoms do not appear immediately, so it is important to take prompt measures. The first aid for poisoning with poisonous mushrooms is activated charcoal and the use of large quantities of water. Laxatives or emetics will also help cleanse the stomach and intestines of toxic substances. In no case should you take alcohol: it will only accelerate the absorption of the poison into the blood. If you feel worse after eating mushrooms, you should immediately seek medical help. And most importantly - do not take mushrooms, if you do not know exactly what class they belong to. It is better to bring home a very small crop, but stay healthy and protect loved ones from the serious consequences of poisoning. If you consider yourself a novice in the so-called silent hunting, carefully go to the directory on species of mushrooms carefully before going to the forest, preferably photographs are included. Take it with you and use it to verify that the fungus belongs to a particular group. The most important thing in this business is awareness and caution.