Symbol trees in the folk culture of the Slavs. What will the sacred trees of the Slavs tell about?
At its core, the protorus civilization was originally forest. Due to the fact that the forest was the supplier of everything necessary for a person to live, he was the object and subject of the mythological creativity of the protorus. Prolonged observations of the growth of certain types of trees, the discovery of their application in everyday life, became the basis of both cosmic representations and fairy tales. The main characters of folk myth-making are birch, oak, aspen, spruce, pine.
The first place in the row of trees is occupied by oak. It corresponds with the first elements of other symbolic series, as well as with the upper world. Positive values \u200b\u200bare attributed to him.
Oak - the habitat of the god Veles: among the oak groves, temples were built for him. The snake Veles lives on large oaks, protecting the area from hail and weather and fighting with challah (challahs, haiks, kagaly, etc. - the eponym of Neanderthal peoples). Or the Serpent Veles lies around the oak tree, in its roots or on the leaves, and next to the oak tree or directly on it are the king and queen. In the plots of fairy tales and conspiracies, the Serpent Veles and the falcon Ra hide on an oak tree from Perun. One legend told how an oak grove hid God who was fleeing the Plague (nomads). In gratitude for this, God made oak leaves fall only in late autumn. Therefore, in Russia this tree was called Tsar Oak from ancient times. Later in Europe, the oak became a symbol of monarchical power [ ]. Periods of abundant acorn harvests, recurring after 4-8 years, formed the basis of many electoral periods.
Oak was inhabited by the king of birds Cook (ornithomorphic incarnation of Veles) and an eagle (in particular, the two-headed eagle, ornithomorphic incarnation of Makoshi). Mermaids, the progenitors of Russian people live on the oak: A.S. Pushkin placed the Lukomorye oak at the center of the mythological universe, and a mermaid on its branch. Therefore, in Slavic languages \u200b\u200band dialects, the word “oak” often appears in the generic meaning “tree”. Hence the etymology of the word "oak" - the original meaning of "tree".
Oak - represents the object and place of worship. Under the sacred oaks at the Russ held meetings, courts, wedding ceremonies. It was universally forbidden to chop and harm sacred oaks. Without the permission of the priests, it was impossible to cut an oak tree, to break a branch. Royal oaks grew in the palace parks of a number of European monarchs until the bourgeois Jewish revolutions. The rebellious masses cut down the "royal oak", which symbolized the reprisal with the crowned persons [ Mythological Dictionary, 1991; Lazarev E., 1993].
Oak is one of the most revered trees, symbolizing strength, strength and masculinity. In beliefs, practical magic and folklore, he consistently appears as a male symbol. In signs and prohibitions, oak was compared with the owner of the house. After the wedding, young people in Voronezh province went to the old oak tree and traveled around it three times. Water after bathing a newborn baby boy is poured under an oak tree. A midwife cuts a boy's umbilical cord on an oak block: so that he grows strong. When the bride is brought into her husband’s house, she first enters there and says to herself: “Near the yard there are oak trees, and little sons enter the house” if she wants to have boys born. In plots, oak was endowed with its own name (for example, Karkolist, Dorofei).
In sacred practice, it is the oak that performs a number of cult functions; in folklore and practical magic, the oak appears in the image of a three-part world tree that models the Universe. In conspiracies, an oak tree, standing on an island, on a mountain, in the middle of the ocean, denotes the center of the world and the world itself, and at the same time an ideal foreign space, where it is possible to resolve one or another crisis situation (in particular, getting rid of the disease).
Oak served as an object on which diseases were symbolically transferred. Under a young oak, water is poured in which the consumptive patient is washed. With abscesses in the mouth, they spit into the hole dug under the oak. It is customary to leave the patient’s clothes on the oak or to attach ribbons and threads from clothes to its branches. A popular way of treating childhood illnesses and stopping child mortality in the family is the custom of laying the cut nails and hair of a sick child or a thread that the baby was previously measured in the oak trunk, and then hammering this hole with a peg. When a child outgrows this hole, the disease will leave him [ Ivakin G.Yu., 1979; Ivanov V.V., 1974]. There are old Russian customs: rub your back against an oak tree at the first thunder or at the sight of the first spring bird so that your back is strong; to plug an oak branch in the belt on the back so that the back does not hurt during harvesting; hang oak wreaths on the horns of the cows, so that the cows are strong and that the horns do not break when butt.
The Rusichs considered it sacred, worshiped it, attributed miraculous properties, and since Veles is the patron saint of science, the Druids called the oak "the tree of science."
The habitat of Mokosh is pine. Through thousands of years of observations, the protorus formed the image of a pine as a symbol of the world’s cosmic axis. The etymology of the word “pine” is “coinciding with the axis” (of the world). From here it becomes clear the central significance of the pine in the mythological three-part reflection of the world. From ancient times, the central figure in Russian mythology is the goddess Makosh - the goddess of space, eternity and universal fate. Pine - the symbol of Mokosh - evergreen tree, a symbol of eternity, longevity and immortality, perseverance and overcoming adverse circumstances. Bonfires were made from pine wood to burn the bodies of the dead (the Russian cult of Mokosh - the erection of barrows, stupas, suburgans and pyramids) [ Encyclopedia of characters, 1999].
Birch is the habitat of the life-bearing manifestation of Mokosh - the goddess Alive. Birch is an ordinary tree of Slavic Russian forests. It grows fast, especially at an early age. It easily populates spaces free from other vegetation, often being a pioneer breed. The etymology of the word "birch" is "white, clean, saved." The semantics of birch are white. The cult of birch is common since ancient times in Russia. Birch is a symbol of Russia. Birch branches are one of the most common amulets among the Russian peoples. Later, the cult of birch was borrowed by the countries of the North.
In Rus, the birch is a symbol of the beginning of life, a symbol of girlhood, spring and the resurrection of the sun Ra after winter (the month of April in Russia is called birchozol). Birch is the language of matchmaking: as a response to the matchmaker, birch means consent, and pine, spruce, oak - denial. According to Russian beliefs, mermaids live in the branches of birch - goddesses who make people Russian. From the mermaid of Russia and the god Dazhboga went Russian people. During the Old Rusal festival (the birth of the Rus), girls go to the forest, curl a birch with a wreath, braid its branches in pigtails (a symbol of the transition from girlhood to marriage; this ritual favors marriage), hang around with beads and scarves and circle dances around decorated with ribbons Birch trees bringing it to the village. In Rusalia, they also guess at the birch wreaths launched into the water:
Here is July. Here is the summer heat.
From the very first days.
My little wreath will float
Yes, for distant seas!
- Hey, mermaids, help,
Save my wreath
Let him swim and swim
Maybe the narrowed one will find it! -
Girls said so
The reserved words.
On the surface of the water
Their rumor spread.
Birch brooms are used by women during Alive Day (May 1) to sweep out all diseases left by Mara (Christ. Virgin Mary) from the hut and courtyard.
Aspen is the habitat of the death-bearing manifestation of Mokosh - the goddess Mara. Aspen - distributed in Russia and in the north of all Eurasia as an admixture in conifers and deciduous forests. It is used for the construction of river vessels, for the manufacture of hollowed products, wooden shoes, rims and arches, barrels, matting, it is best used on wood chips (carved and chiseled). It is also used for the manufacture of various ritual objects.
M. Fasmer defines the word “aspen” as Old Russian, rooted in the common Indo-European linguistic unity and denotes “the tree that leads to death”, “deadly thorn”: sawn aspen turns blue by saw cut (cf. mend, otpinin, paint in blue), which indicates the arrival of blue - shadow (death).
Among protorus, aspen symbolizes DEATH itself - the goddess Mara, who lives in the aspen and shakes its leaves [ Encyclopedia of "Myths", 1988; Friedrich P., 1970, p. 49 - 53]. Meanwhile, death-Mara is one of the manifestations of the goddess Makoshi (the other is Alive). The will of Makoshi is above the will of the other gods. She even the gods can lead to death. And in this case, the main Slavic goddess manifests itself through the aspen, and the essence of its manifestation contains a charms meaning - from unreasonable violence or momentary whims of the gods. Therefore, the aspen shelters the Serpent of Veles from the god of war, the thunderer Perun (therefore, since ancient times there has been a ban on hiding during an thunderstorm under the aspen).
That is why, since ancient times, aspen has been a protector that protects against evil forces: aspen is called the hanged tree, and the aspen stake protects against all evil. According to the same tradition, aspen pegs are surrounded by garden beds from the bear. In Russian fairy tales (Afanasyev No. 350, 352, 366, 577, etc.) and ritual practice, the motive of an aspen stake hammered in the back or heart of a dead man is known. In this case, the “evil forces” in the Slavs are those who do not want to go into the world of another dead man.
This is the last religious practice made by Jesus Christ. And aspen is the only tree that did not recognize Jesus. During Jesus' Way of the Cross, the aspen did not bow before him and did not tremble with pity and compassion. The rods with which Christ was scourged, and the cross on which he was crucified, were aspen [ Funk and Wagnalls, 1972, p. 83; Jobes G., 1962, p. 141 - 142]. The spear, with which the Roman warrior finished off Jesus, symbolizes the aspen stake, finishing in no way wanting to calm the dead man. Therefore, aspen in the New Testament is not mentioned. From here you can see the protective symbolism of aspen, which alone defended humanity from the undying dead Jesus Christ and the only one who was able to defeat this newly-born "god."
The method of action of aspen can be understood from Russian fairy tales, in which a dead person was resurrected. First, dead water was poured onto his wound, which killed death (the antibacterial effect of aspen wood). And then they poured living water, which, in fact, revived.
From here originates the “original” Judeo-Christian tale of Abraham, who lived near the Mamvrian oak, under whose branches the first manifestation of God occurred to him. Obviously, this was a Slavic god, because other gods living in oaks simply did not exist. This is confirmed by the fact that in Judo-Christian semiotics, the oak is a symbol of idolatry, and the Old Testament prophets condemned the tribesmen for "walking under the oak", that is, the performance of Slavic rites and customs. However, the prophets themselves were buried according to Slavic custom - under the branches of an oak [ Lazarev E., 1993; Encyclopedia of characters, 1999 In Paleolithic times, the Protorians waged wars only with Neanderthals, whose combined eponym is Haik, Hagal, Kakal, Kagan, etc., expressed in the stellar version of myths as the constellation of the wild hunter Orion, and in Russia received the name Perun (from the Russian word for war )
Aspen did not grow in areas associated with tales of Christ. From this it becomes clear that the Judeo-Christians and this mythologism borrowed from the ancient Slavs.
Do we often remember the forest? Only when we go to rest there. Do we often touch trees? Only when we collect their fruits. And for our ancestors, everything was different - they loved, respected and took care of the forest. And their attitude towards trees has developed into a real cult.
Our ancestors were surrounded by more interesting worldthan us. They knew how to see magic and soul in things that we do not pay attention to now. They even regarded trees as living creatures, capable of communication and friendship, and the forest was considered the breadwinner. We can find confirmation of this in numerous ancient tales, riddles, sayings, proverbs and songs of our ancestors.
The love of trees gave rise to a belief among the Slavs that each person has his own tree, into which, after death, his soul moved. Of course, the man did not own one particular tree, but the whole species: birch, aspen, poplar. And with the help of these trees, our ancestors knew how to heal: when they went to the forest to pick mushrooms or berries, they sat for a long time under “their” trees, talked to them, touched them. Modern scientists call this practice dendrotherapy, and argue that such walks normalize pressure and bring mental and physical relief.
In general, our ancestors, like all other peoples who lived in the forest, had a great love for trees. And this could not be reflected in their worldview, where the archetype of the World Tree appears.
The image of the World Tree was known in the mythology of many peoples. He played a significant role in the worldview of the Slavs as well. This Tree was a symbol of life, space, and time. The sky stood on its branches, and earthly solidity rested on its roots. The crown of the Tree symbolized the world of light spirits, the roots - the world of dark spirits, and the trunk - the earthly space where people lived. The tree divided these spaces, and while it stood, nothing threatened the universe.
In Slavic mythology, the World Tree was located in the umbilical cord (that is, the center) of the whole world: on an island in the middle of all the seas, on the Alatyr stone. He was portrayed as an apple tree, sycamore, but most often - oak. A snake, an ermine, or another predator sat at the roots of the Tree, and a bird nest wafted in the branches above it. These animals were always at enmity with each other, and their enmity symbolized the struggle between good and evil.
The image of the World Tree was decorated with clothes, household utensils, work tools. In some cases, it had to play a protective role, in others - to lure luck, health, wealth. The Tree also appears in riddles and in magical conspiracies.
Protected forest
The Slavs most often arranged their pagan altars in forests and groves. Each deity should have placed a sanctuary among trees of a certain species. Sometimes they were planted on purpose, and then a whole grove was obtained. The place in which the sanctuary was located became reserved. He was called the "righteous forest" or "divine favor."
The reserve grove was located outside the village. It was strictly forbidden to go into it just like that, or, moreover, chop wood in it. An inconspicuous path led to the temple, and the sanctuary itself was a round clearing surrounded by a log picket fence. The altar was located in the center, most often under a large old tree, and around it stood wooden idols. During the festivities, the entire village gathered in the sanctuary, they performed rituals and brought gifts to the gods.
Cult of trees
It may seem strange to us now that among the Slavs the felling of trees that didn’t interfere with anyone or anything, or that gave shade in the summer, was considered a sin. The trees themselves were respected, and their aimless destruction was condemned in the same way as excessive cruelty to animals or rude treatment of people. Very old trees were used even more. They tried not to chop them without much need and called the Tsar Tree. And in the most ancient times, the magi and tribal leaders imposed a strict ban on felling certain types of trees, which were considered sacred and revered as totems - the ancestors of the tribe. With the adoption of Christianity, this is gone, but the veneration of special species of trees remains.
Rowan was considered a charm tree. Its branch above the door of the house protected people and cattle from disease, the evil eye, fires and ruin. This tree was able to take on a person’s disease, but the one who chopped it down or broke it doomed itself to long illnesses. In the popular mind, mountain ash symbolized sadness and sadness.
Branches willow symbolized fertility. They were given to the newlyweds for the wedding, and in the spring they drove cattle, hoping that both of them would have many children.
Elder it was considered an “evil” tree capable of sending an illness to that person who would even inadvertently harm her. Therefore, nothing was made from it or chopped for firewood. But in black magic they used an elderberry branch to send an evil eye to a person.
Aspen was another "bad" tree. Sorcerers and sorcerers with her help could cause illness or damage. But at the same time, charms from aspen protected a person from evil spirits. Not a single native of the Navi world could touch the aspen and its products. It was believed that on this basis and it was possible to determine who is in front of you - living or unclean. Aspen gained such glory because of one legend. It says that it was on this tree that Judas strangled himself.
Birch has always been a favorite tree in Russia. It was not only useful material in the household, but also pleasing to the eye. A beautiful, flexible, birch in songs and riddles was called a cheerful and kind girl. In the birch groves were the sanctuaries of the light gods. And its branches brought a gift to good spirits.
Five pointed leaves maple Slavs associated with the human body - two arms, two legs and a head. Therefore, it was believed that the maple was closer to people than other trees and always sought to help them. He could cure any disease, tell fate, and also indicate an evil and dishonest person. For this, the one who was suspected of lying had to touch the maple, and if the tree does not turn yellow in the near future, then suspicions were removed from the person. Coffins were never made from maple - our ancestors believed that the life-giving force of this tree is so strong that it can revive the dead.
Spruce never drops needles and always remains green. That is why it has become a symbol of eternal life and constant self-renewal. Our ancestors believed that she scared away evil spirits who wanted to take a person’s life, as well as the dead. Therefore, after the funeral, a branch was eaten over the door so that the deceased would not return.
In addition to these trees, the Slavs revered and loved, and many others. But among them he enjoyed the greatest respect and love oak. Now he is a synonym for a person who is hard on the mind, and among our ancestors he meant a strong and invincible warrior. Huge, powerful, extremely strong and persistent, this long-liver among the trees shook the imagination of our ancestors. They worshiped him, respected him and were afraid to somehow harm him. For solid and strong wood, oak was considered the patron saint of the prince and his squad, soldiers and all men.
He was also the sacred tree of Perun - the Thunderer and the supreme god of the Slavs. Oak occupied a central place in the sanctuaries of this god, but even simple oaks were surrounded by great reverence. The oak groves were reserved, and the oath given under the oak branches was one of the strongest. The boys were given names and consecrated into adulthood precisely under the sacred oak.
We can say that oak is the most Slavic tree. A lot of old beliefs, fairy tales and songs are associated with it. They showed special respect and love to him.
Our ancestors considered the forest space, where, according to ancient beliefs, the souls of the ancestors were found, sacred, mysterious. Therefore, in the ideas of the Slavs it was inhabited by many spirits. In today's story, we will talk about those of them who did not belong directly to the Leshy family and did not have a special tendency to play pranks. 
He is often confused with Leshim for the reason that he was really called that in some places, but in others it was an independent character, even a portrait very different from the “namesake”. This good grandfather's hands and feet were covered with oak bark, ivy encircled his hair and beard, and green moss flashed on his cheeks. In addition, he had a bird’s nest on the top of the head ...
Lesovik helped those who got lost in the forest if they addressed him with the words "Grandfather Lesovik, you are in the forest, but I’m used to the house." And if the goblin was naughty, then a note with a complaint could be put in the hollow of the tree, and then the good man will certainly judge by conscience and justice. Grandfather had a whole team of assistants who looked after the order in the forest, each having his own sphere of authority, and also could go to the service of people.
Koltki.
These are very funny perfumes. Appearance of young algae was noteworthy in that they had as many as two faces, with one of them located on the stomach. Perhaps these babies were lame knots, maybe very talkative, or their nickname is connected with the settlement in the thickets of elderberries - a noisy tree.
Their place of residence is indicated, in particular, in the famous Treasures of Retra by Andreas Gottlieb Masha (1771). It is curious that in Western Ukraine also preserved evidence of forest spirits that live in elderberry thickets. It is also known about colts that they led a twilight lifestyle and could go to the service of people if they brought them treats.
Arriving at the employers ’dwelling, they announced this to them by eating food prepared in anticipation of the workers, collecting garbage and brushwood in a heap, or pouring garbage into milk jugs. The latter was a test: only if the owners drank milk, then the colts settled into the house and carried out the orders of the people, including, they got food on the side, or rather, from other residents of the village.
Listin and Listin.
This married couple of a very respectable age had a special circle of competence, which is not immediately determined by their names. Sitting in a heap with a pale of leaves near a stump or in some ravine, the blind Listin and his faithful companion Listin led the woods, ordering them when and how to rustle, rustling from time to time - whispering with each other, discussing the decision made jointly. In ancient times, even such a toy was a woman - Listina: a body made of moss, arms and legs made of fir cones and certainly lapochki.
Borovik (Podgribovnik, Borovoy) and Borovichki.
According to legend, this is the spirit of boron and the boss over the old people Borovichki - the owners of mushrooms, living under saffron mushrooms and mushrooms. Boletus was thought to look like a huge bear, but unlike a clubfoot, it did not have a tail. He was asked to find and return those who disappeared into the forest or fell ill, having been in it, but in a very peculiar way: you had to bring a cat to the forest and begin to strangle it. Oh…
…and others.
Under the supervision of Grandfather Lesovik there were other incorporeal creatures, so to speak, of narrow specialization. Kustich, as appears from his name, hosted in the bushes, Listovik / Listich guarded the foliage, Travnik / Travnik took care of the grass, Kornevik was responsible for the roots, Stem, respectively - for the stems.
There were also Oreshich, Yagodnik, Mushroom picker. In addition, there was a whole squad of female characters, including Dubravitsy, Herbalists, Strawberries, Bereznitsy, Divnitsa, Senyavi, Rusyava and Zelenitsa. And there were guardians of the forest treasures - Schekotuny and Half-believers, sacred trees. In general, the company is big.
The ground will thaw, grass will appear on it, buds will open on trees and bushes, and there, you see, and the flowers will go, mushrooms and berries. Let the forest live its own life, we will protect it. Perhaps the legends of antiquity deep about its inhabitants, even if they cause a smile, will help us to respect nature, where everything is living?
This character also has other names, for example, a Leshak, a forest uncle, a fox, a grandfather a forester, a wild peasant, a righteous forest, a forest cherub, and others. Is not it true that listing them is somewhat surprising?
According to Slavic mythology, it is the guardian spirit of the forest. Our ancient ancestors in different places presented their appearance differently, they used to say that he can be represented as a bear, a decrepit old man or a hefty peasant, a tree, goat-legged and horned creature, otherwise similar to a man, and even in the form of a pretty coat and even monkey-like verzil. The absence of eyelashes, eyebrows and the right ear, green fire in the eyes and long gray-green hair combed to the left were mentioned as special signs.
It was also believed that it can change its growth in accordance with the surrounding vegetation: either rise above the pines, then turn below the night market. In addition, his bast shoes are shod on the contrary - left to right, right to left foot, and a caftan or short fur coat will bite from left to right. Appearing to people, the goblin tried to pretend to be an ordinary person, and there was a belief about identifying his true essence that one could understand his tricks by looking through the horse’s right ear.
Places of alleged residence of the Goblin were supposed to bypass. At the same time, they received the status of reserves dedicated to Svyatobor. But before entering any forest, the forest uncle was supposed to ask permission, since he rules over all the vegetation and all creatures in it, and is also a wolf and bear shepherd.
Lesch attributed the ability to scare people with wild laughter and drive in circles. The one who turned out to be his victim should not have eaten anything or carried a loot - a linden board without bark, to turn the insole in his shoe and turn his clothes inside out. It was also possible to utter the favorite saying of this gentleman of the forest: "He walked, found, lost." But what he especially did not like and therefore did not forgive was swearing speeches and curses.
To appease him, they left a treat on the stump, specially taken for this occasion from the house: a gingerbread, for example, a pancake, etc., and also thanked for the prey, whether it was hunting or mushroom - berry. A number of peoples, for example, the Vepsians, had the idea that the forest owner should be fed with food that the bear prefers. In the Russian North, lumberjacks laid letters under the mountain ash with petitions to the “righteous forest”, after having previously placed a mountain ash twig against the heart and several sticks cut from the same mountain ash.
In the old days, peasants were convinced that it was possible to come to an agreement with a goblin, for example, to protect livestock from forest animals and even hire them to feed livestock. For example, they threw a lock with a key into the forest, expecting that the "uncle" would unlock it and lock it, and when locked, the herd would gather in one place. They paid for the service with milk, or even a couple of cows. To return the missing cow, bread was thrown over the heads of domestic animals - also a gift to him.
As a wife, he took a swamp kikimora or a little fox (Leshachikha, Leshukha), or even abducted a girl who had visited mushrooms or berries in the forest, and it was believed that not any, but from among the damned. Since the wild forest was sometimes not enough for life, especially after the wedding, he simply stole the necessities in the villages, thus punishing the owners who did not bless the food, did not cross household utensils, did not pray before milking the cows, etc. However, other authors write that the goblin was afraid of tricolor cats and dogs, which have bright spots above the eyes, similar to the second pair of eyes, as well as black roosters and the anger of brownies and bannics.
As for the ancestors and descendants of the devil, there are different versions. According to one, his grandmother and grandfather are woodcutters - little old men living in a foliage, who seem to be able to snooze young children, but from the end of summer and fall they dance, whistle and whistle, rustle and rumble in their "home", and Then they go to a long hibernation. On the other - these same woods are the children of the goblin, who, having fun and playing pranks, knock people down from forest paths, pour dust and cobwebs on their heads. In any case, the family ties of these forest spirits are recognized by everyone, although the more convincing option is that his cubs are similar pranksters, which were originally called deforestation. History is silent about the parents of the forest owner.
Lesch was credited with a passion for gambling, they said that it was as if he were cutting cards with a fellow from a neighboring forest, moreover, recklessly, and the loser paid with hares or squirrels. And sometimes the game is played by whole artels. According to S. Maksimov, there are testimonies of old-timers about the grandiose “card fight” of Russian and Siberian wood goblin, which took place in 1859. The Russians won, and the losing side had to drive an army of taiga hares across the Ural Mountains ...
For thousands of years, the image of the devil has been living in legends and fairy tales. Over time, he mixed up with the undead hostile to humans, as a result of which the character began to look very contradictory. If you take a closer look, it was not particularly malicious at first, rather, it was an instrument of punishment for disrespect for the forest and the traditions of Slavic life, but you could reward it if they were respected: it would show the way, it would give it forest wealth and even go to work for hire. And it was not in vain that he was associated with the sanctuaries of Svyatobor - the god of forests and forest lands, who personified eternally living nature, ensured harmony and harmony in it.
Valentina Ponomareva
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